In , a man named Count Pietro Antonelli sat across from Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia to finalize the Treaty of Wuchale. The document was intended to establish a friendship between Italy and Ethiopia. It was written in both Italian and Amharic.
“…Ethiopia must use the Italian government as an intermediary…”
“…Ethiopia could use Italy if they so chose.”
Article 17 of the treaty concerned how Ethiopia would conduct its foreign affairs. In the Italian version, the text stated that Ethiopia “must” use the Italian government as an intermediary for all dealings with other European powers. In the Amharic version, the verb used suggested that Ethiopia “could” use Italy if they so chose.
It was a single auxiliary verb. It was a minor linguistic discrepancy in the eyes of a casual reader. This single word error led to the First Italo-Ethiopian War and the deaths of thousands of soldiers at the Battle of Adwa.
The $14,200 Negation
Elena sat in her office in the early hours of a Tuesday morning, staring at a translated quote from a major supplier in Guangzhou. She was responsible for procurement at a mid-sized electronics firm.